Why this matters now
Fundamental Duties are tested for their origin (42nd Amendment, Swaran Singh Committee), their non-justiciable nature, and the number (originally 10; an 11th was added later). They also feature in GS-4 (citizenship, civic responsibility).
Origin
The original Constitution had no fundamental duties. The Swaran Singh Committee (1976) recommended adding them, and the 42nd Amendment inserted Part IVA (Article 51A) with ten duties. The 86th Amendment (2002) added an eleventh duty — that every parent/guardian provide opportunities for the education of their child (aged 6-14).
The eleven duties (in brief)
Every citizen shall: (1) abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals, the National Flag and Anthem; (2) cherish the ideals of the freedom struggle; (3) uphold the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India; (4) defend the country and render national service when called; (5) promote harmony and a spirit of common brotherhood, renounce practices derogatory to women; (6) value and preserve the rich composite culture; (7) protect the natural environment; (8) develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform; (9) safeguard public property and abjure violence; (10) strive towards excellence in all spheres; (11) provide education to one’s child/ward aged 6-14.
Nature and significance
Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable — they are not enforceable by courts, and there is no legal penalty for not performing them. But Parliament can enforce them through suitable legislation, and courts may consider them while interpreting laws. They serve as a constant reminder that citizenship carries responsibilities, balancing the Fundamental Rights.
UPSC angle
Remember: added by the 42nd Amendment (Swaran Singh Committee), originally 10, an 11th added by the 86th Amendment, located in Part IVA / Article 51A, and non-justiciable.
Frequently asked questions
Where are Fundamental Duties in the Constitution?
In Part IVA, Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.
How many Fundamental Duties are there?
Eleven — ten added by the 42nd Amendment and an eleventh (education of one’s child aged 6-14) added by the 86th Amendment, 2002.
Who recommended Fundamental Duties?
The Swaran Singh Committee (1976).
Are Fundamental Duties enforceable in court?
No — they are non-justiciable, though Parliament may enforce them through legislation and courts may consider them in interpretation.