Why this matters now
DPSP is heavily tested — its classification, key articles, the FR-versus-DPSP conflict, and how many directives have been realised through legislation. It frames the welfare-state ambition of the Constitution.
Nature of DPSP
DPSP are positive obligations on the State (whereas Fundamental Rights are largely negative limits on State power). They are non-justiciable — not enforceable in court — but the State is expected to apply them in making laws. They aim to establish social and economic democracy to complement the political democracy of the Fundamental Rights.
Classification
| Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| Socialistic | Adequate means of livelihood, equal pay for equal work, distribution of resources to subserve common good, free legal aid, living wage (Art 38, 39, 39A, 41-43) |
| Gandhian | Village panchayats, cottage industries, welfare of SC/ST and weaker sections, prohibition of intoxicating drinks, protection of cattle (Art 40, 43, 46, 47, 48) |
| Liberal-Intellectual | Uniform Civil Code (Art 44), free and compulsory education, separation of judiciary from executive, protection of environment and monuments, promotion of international peace (Art 45, 48A, 50, 51) |
The Fundamental Rights vs DPSP balance
- Champakam Dorairajan (1951) — FR prevail over DPSP in case of conflict; led to the 1st Amendment;
- Golaknath (1967) and the 24th/25th Amendments — Parliament asserted power; Article 31C was added to protect laws giving effect to certain DPSP;
- Kesavananda Bharati (1973) — basic structure doctrine;
- Minerva Mills (1980) — held that the Constitution rests on a balance between Fundamental Rights and DPSP; neither has absolute primacy.
UPSC angle
Know the three-fold classification with marquee articles (Art 40 panchayats, 44 UCC, 48A environment, 50 separation of judiciary). Trace the FR-DPSP conflict from Champakam to Minerva Mills (balance).
Frequently asked questions
What are the Directive Principles of State Policy?
Guidelines in Part IV (Articles 36-51) for the State to frame laws towards social and economic justice. Borrowed from Ireland, they are non-justiciable but fundamental to governance.
Why are DPSP non-justiciable?
Because they impose positive duties that depend on the State’s resources and policy choices; they cannot be enforced in court, though the State is expected to apply them in law-making.
How are DPSP classified?
Into socialistic, Gandhian, and liberal-intellectual principles.
What did Minerva Mills say about FR and DPSP?
That the Constitution rests on a balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles — neither can be given absolute primacy over the other.