Why this matters now
Invasive species are a recognised top driver of biodiversity loss (per the IPBES) — their concept, examples and management are increasingly tested in GS-3.
What they are
An alien (non-native) species becomes invasive when it establishes and spreads in a new habitat, harming native species. Lacking natural predators, they outcompete native species, alter habitats and disrupt food webs. Not all alien species are invasive.
Spread and impacts
They spread via trade, travel, shipping (ballast water), the pet/plant trade and accidental introduction. Impacts: biodiversity loss and extinctions, ecosystem and agricultural damage, economic losses, and even health risks. They are a major global driver of species decline, worsened by climate change.
India and management
Indian examples: Lantana camara and Prosopis juliflora (plants), water hyacinth (waterways), the African catfish and invasive fish, and the fall armyworm (crops). Management includes prevention and biosecurity (quarantine), early detection and rapid response, and control/eradication, supported by the CBD and national biodiversity frameworks.
UPSC angle
Know alien vs invasive, modes of spread (trade/ballast/pet trade), impacts (biodiversity loss, top IPBES driver), Indian examples (lantana, water hyacinth, African catfish), and management (biosecurity, EDRR).
Frequently asked questions
What is an invasive alien species?
A non-native species that establishes and spreads in a new habitat, harming native species and ecosystems.
How do invasive species spread?
Through trade, travel, shipping (ballast water), the pet and plant trade, and accidental introduction.
What are examples of invasive species in India?
Lantana camara, Prosopis juliflora, water hyacinth, the African catfish and the fall armyworm.
How are invasive species managed?
Through prevention and biosecurity (quarantine), early detection and rapid response, and control or eradication.