Why this matters now
Wetlands, their functions and the Ramsar framework are tested in prelims; India’s growing Ramsar tally and wetland threats make this highly topical.
What wetlands are
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil or is near the surface — including marshes, lakes, rivers, floodplains, mangroves and coral reefs. They are highly productive and biodiverse, providing critical habitat (especially for waterbirds).
Ecological functions
Wetlands provide vital ecosystem services: water purification and storage, groundwater recharge, flood and drought buffering, carbon storage, biodiversity habitat, fisheries and livelihoods — earning them the name “kidneys of the landscape”.
Ramsar Convention and conservation
The Ramsar Convention (1971) protects Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar sites); degraded sites are placed on the Montreux Record. India has a large and growing number of Ramsar sites. Threats include encroachment, pollution, drainage for agriculture/urbanisation and invasive species; conservation tools include the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017 and the Amrit Dharohar initiative.
UPSC angle
Know wetland functions (water/flood/recharge/carbon/biodiversity), the Ramsar Convention (1971) and Montreux Record, India’s Ramsar sites, the threats, and the Wetland Rules 2017.
Frequently asked questions
What are wetlands?
Areas where water covers the soil or is present near the surface — marshes, lakes, floodplains, mangroves and more.
Why are wetlands called the kidneys of the landscape?
Because they purify water, recharge groundwater, buffer floods and store carbon, among other vital ecosystem services.
What is the Ramsar Convention?
A 1971 treaty for the conservation of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar sites).
What is the Montreux Record?
A list of Ramsar sites where ecological character has changed or is threatened.