Why this matters now
Tribal society is examined for its characteristics, the constitutional/legal framework (Fifth/Sixth Schedule, PESA, FRA) and the development-vs-displacement debate — spanning GS-1 and GS-2.
Who are the Scheduled Tribes?
Scheduled Tribes (STs) are communities recognised under Article 342, typically marked by geographical isolation, distinct culture, shyness of contact and economic backwardness. Among them, the most vulnerable are designated Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). Tribal societies are often relatively egalitarian, with close ties to forests and natural resources.
Constitutional and legal framework
- Fifth Schedule — administration of Scheduled Areas in most states;
- Sixth Schedule — autonomous tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram;
- PESA Act, 1996 — extends Panchayati Raj to Scheduled Areas, empowering Gram Sabhas;
- Forest Rights Act, 2006 — recognises forest-dwellers’ rights over land and forest resources.
Key issues
Tribal communities face land alienation, displacement (by dams, mines, projects), loss of forest access, poverty and indebtedness, gaps in health and education, and the erosion of culture. The core tension is between development and the protection of tribal rights and habitats — requiring genuine consent, rehabilitation and inclusive development.
UPSC angle
Know Article 342, PVTGs, the Fifth vs Sixth Schedule distinction, and PESA 1996 + FRA 2006. Frame the development-vs-displacement debate around consent and rehabilitation.
Frequently asked questions
Who are Scheduled Tribes?
Communities recognised under Article 342, marked by distinct culture, geographical isolation and economic backwardness.
What is the difference between the Fifth and Sixth Schedules?
The Fifth Schedule covers Scheduled Areas in most states; the Sixth Schedule provides autonomous tribal administration in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.
What is the Forest Rights Act, 2006?
A law recognising the rights of forest-dwelling tribal and other communities over forest land and resources.
What are PVTGs?
Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups — the most marginalised tribal communities, needing special protection.