Why this matters now
As the body that conducts this very exam, the UPSC is naturally tested — its constitutional basis, composition, functions, independence and removal procedure are all examinable.
Constitutional basis and composition
The UPSC is established under Article 315. It consists of a Chairman and members appointed by the President (about half should have at least ten years’ government service). They hold office for six years or until age 65. The strength and conditions are determined by the President.
Functions
The UPSC conducts examinations for appointment to the All-India Services and Central Services (Civil Services Exam, Engineering Services, etc.), advises on recruitment rules, promotions, transfers and disciplinary matters, and assists states if requested. Its role is largely advisory — the government is not bound by its advice but must place reasons for non-acceptance before Parliament.
Independence and removal
Independence is protected by security of tenure, expenses charged on the Consolidated Fund, a bar on certain re-employment, and a special removal procedure: a member can be removed by the President only on the ground of misbehaviour after a Supreme Court inquiry (Article 317), or for insolvency/infirmity/paid employment.
Significance
The UPSC underpins a merit-based, impartial civil service insulated from political patronage — a foundation of good governance and the steel frame of administration. State counterparts are the State Public Service Commissions.
UPSC angle
Know Article 315 (basis), the advisory role, tenure (6 yrs/65), and the removal procedure under Article 317 (misbehaviour after SC inquiry). Distinguish UPSC from SPSCs.
Frequently asked questions
What is the constitutional basis of the UPSC?
Articles 315-323; the UPSC is established under Article 315 as the central recruiting agency.
What is the tenure of UPSC members?
Six years or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier.
Is the UPSC’s advice binding on the government?
No — its role is advisory, but the government must lay before Parliament the reasons for not accepting its advice.
How can a UPSC member be removed?
By the President only on the ground of misbehaviour after an inquiry by the Supreme Court (Article 317), or for insolvency, infirmity or paid employment.