Why this matters now
The salient features are foundational GS-2 content — frequently tested and a framework for understanding the whole Constitution.
Key features
- Lengthiest written constitution in the world;
- Blend of rigidity and flexibility (varied amendment procedures);
- Federal system with a unitary (centralising) bias — “quasi-federal”;
- Parliamentary form of government (Westminster model);
- Integrated and independent judiciary with judicial review.
More features
- Fundamental Rights, DPSP and Fundamental Duties;
- Secular state and universal adult franchise;
- Single citizenship;
- Emergency provisions;
- Independent bodies (ECI, CAG, UPSC);
- A three-tier government (with the 73rd/74th Amendments).
Nature of the Constitution
The Constitution is often called “quasi-federal” (K.C. Wheare) and “federal in form but unitary in spirit” — it is federal (division of powers, written, supreme, judiciary) yet has strong centralising features (single citizenship, all-India services, emergency provisions, the Centre’s overriding powers).
UPSC angle
Know the salient features — lengthiest written, rigidity+flexibility, federal-with-unitary-bias (quasi-federal), parliamentary, integrated judiciary, FR/DPSP/FD, secular, single citizenship, independent bodies.
Frequently asked questions
What type of constitution does India have?
The world’s lengthiest written constitution, federal in form with a unitary bias (quasi-federal).
Why is the Constitution called quasi-federal?
It is federal (division of powers, supremacy, independent judiciary) but has strong centralising features.
What system of government does the Constitution establish?
A parliamentary form of government on the Westminster model.
What is the blend of rigidity and flexibility?
Some provisions need a special majority (rigid) while others can be amended by a simple majority (flexible).