Why this matters now
This is examined for the nominal-vs-real executive distinction, the principle of collective responsibility, the PM’s appointment and powers, and the categories of ministers. It defines how the Indian government actually works.
The Prime Minister
The President appoints the Prime Minister — by convention, the leader of the party or coalition that commands a majority in the Lok Sabha. The PM is the head of government, links the President and the Cabinet, advises the President on appointments, allocates portfolios, chairs the Cabinet, and leads the government in Parliament. The PM can be a member of either House.
The Council of Ministers
Other ministers are appointed by the President on the PM’s advice. The Council has three categories:
- Cabinet Ministers — head major ministries; form the Cabinet, the real decision-making core;
- Ministers of State — independent charge or attached to a cabinet minister;
- Deputy Ministers — assist other ministers.
The total size of the Council of Ministers is capped at 15% of the strength of the Lok Sabha (91st Amendment).
Collective responsibility
The bedrock principle is collective responsibility (Article 75) — the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha. If the Lok Sabha passes a no-confidence motion, the entire Council must resign. Ministers also have individual responsibility (they hold office during the President’s pleasure, effectively on the PM’s advice). This makes the executive continuously accountable to the elected House.
UPSC angle
Emphasise collective responsibility to the Lok Sabha, the PM’s pivotal role (appointment by convention, portfolio allocation), the three minister categories, and the 91st Amendment 15% cap.
Frequently asked questions
Who is the real executive in India?
The Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister — the President is the nominal head and acts on their aid and advice.
What is collective responsibility?
Under Article 75, the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha — if it loses the House’s confidence, the entire Council must resign.
How is the Prime Minister appointed?
The President appoints the leader of the party or coalition with a Lok Sabha majority as Prime Minister.
What is the maximum size of the Council of Ministers?
It cannot exceed 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha (91st Amendment).