Why this matters now
The NHRC is tested for its statutory (not constitutional) status, composition, powers and — importantly — its limitations (recommendatory, no jurisdiction over armed-forces violations directly).
Basis and composition
The NHRC is a statutory body established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (aligned with the UN Paris Principles). It has a chairperson (a former Chief Justice of India or a Supreme Court judge) and members, including ex-officio members (chairs of NCSC/NCST/NCW, etc.). Members are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a high-level committee headed by the Prime Minister.
Functions and powers
The NHRC inquires into human-rights violations (on complaint or suo motu), visits jails, reviews safeguards and laws, promotes human-rights literacy and research. While inquiring it has the powers of a civil court and can recommend compensation/prosecution.
Limitations
Key limitations: its recommendations are advisory, not binding; it has a one-year limitation on taking up complaints; it can only seek a report from the central government regarding armed-forces violations (limited jurisdiction); and it relies on existing machinery for investigation — leading to it being called a “toothless tiger” by critics.
UPSC angle
Know NHRC is statutory (PHR Act 1993, Paris Principles), the chairperson (ex-CJI/SC judge), PM-led appointment panel, civil-court powers, and its limitations (advisory, 1-year limit, limited armed-forces jurisdiction).
Frequently asked questions
Is the NHRC a constitutional body?
No — it is a statutory body established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
Who can be the chairperson of the NHRC?
A former Chief Justice of India or a former judge of the Supreme Court.
What are the powers of the NHRC?
It can inquire into human-rights violations (with civil-court powers) and recommend compensation or prosecution, but its recommendations are not binding.
What are the limitations of the NHRC?
Its recommendations are advisory, it has a one-year limitation on complaints, and it has only limited jurisdiction over armed-forces violations.