Why this matters now
These bodies are tested for their basis (constitutional vs statutory), composition and role in cooperative federalism — easily confused, and increasingly relevant amid Centre–state debates.
The Inter-State Council
The Inter-State Council (ISC) can be established by the President under Article 263 to inquire into and advise on inter-state disputes, discuss common interests and make recommendations for better policy coordination. It was set up in 1990 on the Sarkaria Commission’s recommendation. Chaired by the Prime Minister, its members are Chief Ministers and select Union ministers — it is a recommendatory body.
Zonal Councils
Zonal Councils are statutory bodies (under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956) — five councils (Northern, Central, Eastern, Western, Southern) grouping states for advisory coordination on common economic and social matters. The Union Home Minister is the common chairman, with state CMs/representatives as members. The North-Eastern Council is a separate statutory body.
Role in federalism
Both are advisory forums promoting cooperative federalism — resolving frictions, sharing best practices, and coordinating policy. Critics note they meet infrequently; strengthening them is a recurring recommendation (alongside GST Council and NITI Aayog as newer cooperative-federal platforms).
UPSC angle
Know ISC (Art 263, President-constituted, Sarkaria, 1990, PM-chaired) vs Zonal Councils (statutory, SR Act 1956, Home Minister-chaired, 5 councils + NEC). Both are advisory cooperative-federalism bodies.
Frequently asked questions
Under which article is the Inter-State Council established?
Under Article 263, by the President — it was set up in 1990 on the Sarkaria Commission’s recommendation.
Are Zonal Councils constitutional bodies?
No — they are statutory bodies created under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956.
Who chairs the Inter-State Council and the Zonal Councils?
The Prime Minister chairs the Inter-State Council; the Union Home Minister is the common chairman of the Zonal Councils.
What is the purpose of these councils?
To promote Centre–state and inter-state coordination and cooperative federalism through advisory recommendations.