Why this matters now
The ECI is tested for its constitutional basis, composition, powers and independence, and appears in current affairs (the Model Code, the new appointment law). Free and fair elections are part of the basic structure.
Constitutional basis and composition
Established under Article 324, the ECI is a permanent, independent body. It is now multi-member — a Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and (currently two) Election Commissioners, who decide by majority. They have a term of six years or until age 65. The CEC can be removed only like a Supreme Court judge (by impeachment); ECs are removed on the CEC’s recommendation.
Powers and functions
The ECI superintends, directs and controls elections to Parliament, the State Legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President. It prepares electoral rolls, recognises parties and allots symbols, enforces the Model Code of Conduct, and can postpone or countermand polls. (It does not conduct local-body elections — that is the State Election Commission’s job.)
The Model Code of Conduct
The Model Code of Conduct (MCC) is a set of norms for parties and candidates during elections — on speeches, polling, manifestos and the use of official machinery. Though not statutory, it is enforced by the ECI and is crucial to a level playing field.
Independence and reforms
The ECI’s independence rests on security of tenure for the CEC and constitutional status. Reforms have strengthened it (e.g. VVPAT, electoral-roll cleanup), while the appointment process of the CEC/ECs has been the subject of recent legislation following a Supreme Court verdict — a live debate on insulating the body from executive control.
UPSC angle
Know Article 324, the multi-member structure and removal procedure (CEC like an SC judge), the scope (Parliament/Assemblies/President/VP — NOT local bodies), and the Model Code of Conduct.
Frequently asked questions
What is the constitutional basis of the Election Commission?
Article 324, which vests the superintendence, direction and control of elections in an independent Election Commission.
Who can be removed like a Supreme Court judge in the ECI?
The Chief Election Commissioner — providing security of tenure; Election Commissioners are removed on the CEC’s recommendation.
Does the ECI conduct local-body elections?
No — those are conducted by the State Election Commission; the ECI handles Parliament, State Assemblies and the President/Vice-President elections.
What is the Model Code of Conduct?
A set of (non-statutory) norms enforced by the ECI to ensure a level playing field for parties and candidates during elections.