Why this matters now
The G20 is a Prelims and GS-2 staple — membership, structure, and India’s landmark 2023 presidency. It is where global economic and increasingly geopolitical questions are negotiated.
Members and origin
The G20 comprises 19 countries + the European Union + the African Union (the AU joined as a permanent member in 2023). It was created in 1999 (as a finance-ministers’ forum after the Asian financial crisis) and elevated to leaders’ summits in 2008 after the global financial crisis. It has no permanent secretariat.
How it works
The presidency rotates annually and is steered by a Troika — the previous, current and next host (continuity). Work runs on two tracks: the Sherpa Track (political/socio-economic agenda) and the Finance Track (finance ministers and central-bank governors), supported by working groups and Engagement Groups (Business 20, Civil 20, Youth 20, etc.). Decisions are by consensus and are non-binding.
India’s 2023 presidency
India hosted the G20 in 2023 under the theme “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam — One Earth, One Family, One Future.” Despite deep divisions over Ukraine, it achieved a consensus New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration, secured the African Union’s permanent membership, and pushed Global-South priorities — debt, climate finance, digital public infrastructure, and the launch of initiatives like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) and the Global Biofuel Alliance.
UPSC angle
Remember the composition (19 + EU + AU since 2023), 1999 origin / 2008 leaders’ summits, the Troika and two tracks, and India’s 2023 outcomes (consensus declaration, AU membership, IMEC).
Frequently asked questions
Who are the members of the G20?
19 countries plus the European Union and the African Union (the AU joined as a permanent member during India’s 2023 presidency).
When was the G20 created?
In 1999 as a finance-ministers’ forum; it was elevated to leaders’ summits in 2008 after the global financial crisis.
What is the G20 Troika?
The grouping of the previous, current and next presidencies, which ensures continuity of the agenda.
What did India’s 2023 G20 presidency achieve?
A consensus New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration, the African Union’s permanent membership, and a strong Global-South agenda (debt, climate finance, DPI, IMEC).