The story of independent India's political journey — from the Nehru-led nation-building era (1947-64) through the Indira-Sanjay-Emergency years (1969-77), the coalition era (1989 onwards), economic liberalisation (1991), and the post-2014 political transformation. The textbook covers nine chapters across the most UPSC-relevant period of Indian political history. Chapter summaries, all NCERT exercise Q&A answered with explanations, and UPSC/MPSC PYQ tagging. NCERT Class 12 Politics in India Since Independence is foundational for UPSC GS-1 (modern Indian history post-1947), GS-2 (Indian polity practice), and Essay (governance, democracy, federalism).
Each chapter page has full summary, NCERT exercise Q&A with explanations, PYQ tagging, and cross-links to companion UPSC deep-dives.
Partition consequences, integration of princely states (Sardar Patel, V.P. Menon), States Reorganisation 1956, Kashmir, Goa, Sikkim, Nagaland.
1952-67 elections, Congress dominance, Nehru's leadership, opposition emergence, party system characterization.
Five-Year Plans, Planning Commission, Mahalanobis model, mixed economy, Green Revolution, White Revolution, Bombay Plan vs Gandhian model.
Non-Alignment, Panchsheel, Sino-Indian War 1962, 1965 and 1971 wars, nuclear policy evolution.
1967 elections, Congress split 1969, garibi hatao, 1971 Bangladesh war, 1973 onwards challenges.
Emergency 1975-77 — origins, declaration, civil liberties suspension, Shah Commission, restoration of democracy.
Naxalbari, JP Movement, Chipko, Narmada Bachao, Right to Information Movement, anti-corruption.
Punjab issue, Khalistan movement, Northeast insurgencies, Tamil Nadu Dravidian movement, Jammu & Kashmir, Telangana statehood.
Coalition era from 1989, 1991 economic reforms, Mandal-Mandir politics, BJP rise, regional parties' assertiveness, 2014 onwards transformation.