Why this matters now
Energy security and diplomacy are tested at the IR–economy crossroads — India’s import dependence, supply diversification and the clean-energy transition are central to its foreign policy.
The energy-security challenge
India imports over 80% of its crude oil and around half its natural gas, making it vulnerable to price volatility, supply disruptions and geopolitical shocks. Energy security means assured access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy for a fast-growing economy.
Energy diplomacy
India pursues diversification of sources — engaging West Asia (Gulf/OPEC), Russia, the US, Africa and Central Asia — and acquiring overseas energy assets. It built Strategic Petroleum Reserves, pursues pipelines/LNG terminals, and made pragmatic choices (e.g. discounted Russian oil) to balance cost and strategic autonomy.
The clean-energy transition
Long-term security lies in the clean-energy transition — solar, wind, green hydrogen, nuclear and biofuels — reducing import dependence and emissions. India’s diplomacy increasingly promotes clean energy (ISA, Global Biofuel Alliance), critical-mineral supply chains and OSOWOG.
UPSC angle
Know India’s import dependence (80%+ oil), energy diplomacy (diversification, overseas assets, Russian oil, SPR), and the clean-energy transition (ISA, green hydrogen, critical minerals).
Frequently asked questions
What is energy security?
Assured access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy supplies for a country’s needs.
Why is India energy-insecure?
It imports over 80% of its crude oil and about half its natural gas, exposing it to price and supply shocks.
What is energy diplomacy?
Using foreign policy to secure diversified, affordable energy supplies and overseas energy assets.
How does the clean-energy transition help energy security?
By reducing import dependence and emissions through solar, wind, green hydrogen, nuclear and biofuels.