Why this matters now
The Lokpal is a key anti-corruption institution and a GS-2 governance topic — its origin, structure, jurisdiction and limitations. It links to probity and accountability.
The ombudsman idea
An ombudsman is an independent official who investigates complaints against the administration. India’s version — the Lokpal/Lokayukta — was long demanded (recommended by the first ARC) and gained momentum from the anti-corruption movement, culminating in legislation.
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 established the Lokpal at the central level and mandated Lokayuktas in the states. The Lokpal is a multi-member body — a chairperson and members (judicial and non-judicial) — selected by a high-level committee (PM, Speaker, Leader of Opposition, CJI, an eminent jurist).
Jurisdiction
The Lokpal can inquire into corruption allegations against a wide range of public servants — including the Prime Minister (with safeguards), ministers, MPs and officials — and oversees investigation (via the CBI) and prosecution. It can also order attachment of assets derived from corruption.
Challenges
Concerns include delays in appointment and operationalisation, exclusions and exemptions, dependence on existing investigative agencies, the need for strong whistle-blower protection, and uneven establishment of Lokayuktas across states. Its effectiveness depends on independence, resources and political will.
UPSC angle
Know the ombudsman concept, the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013, the multi-member structure and selection committee, the wide jurisdiction (incl. PM with safeguards), and the limitations.
Frequently asked questions
What is the Lokpal?
An anti-corruption ombudsman at the central level, established under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, to inquire into corruption complaints against public functionaries.
What is the difference between Lokpal and Lokayukta?
The Lokpal operates at the central (Union) level; Lokayuktas are the equivalent ombudsmen at the state level.
Can the Lokpal investigate the Prime Minister?
Yes, with certain safeguards and exclusions (e.g. relating to international relations, security, public order).
What are the challenges facing the Lokpal?
Delays in appointment and operation, exemptions, dependence on agencies like the CBI, and the uneven establishment of Lokayuktas across states.