Why this matters now
Good governance is the umbrella theme of GS-2 — its attributes anchor answers on e-governance, accountability, service delivery and reform. It links governance to development outcomes.
What is good governance?
Governance is the process of decision-making and implementation; good governance is governance that is effective, transparent, accountable and citizen-centric, using public resources efficiently and equitably for the public good. It goes beyond government to include institutions, processes and the participation of citizens.
Attributes of good governance
| Attribute | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Participation | People have a voice in decisions |
| Rule of law | Fair laws applied impartially |
| Transparency | Information is open and accessible |
| Responsiveness | Institutions serve all in reasonable time |
| Consensus-oriented | Mediates differing interests for the broad good |
| Equity & inclusiveness | No one is left out |
| Effectiveness & efficiency | Best use of resources |
| Accountability | Answerability of decision-makers |
Good governance in India
India’s approach is captured in “Minimum Government, Maximum Governance” — reducing red tape while improving delivery. Tools include e-governance, citizen’s charters, RTI, social audit, the Sevottam model for service delivery, and capacity-building (Mission Karmayogi). The 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission gave detailed reform recommendations.
Challenges
Barriers to good governance include corruption, red tape and delays, weak accountability, the digital divide, capacity gaps, and a trust deficit. Overcoming them needs ethical leadership, administrative reform, technology and active citizen participation.
UPSC angle
Memorise the attributes of good governance (participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, equity, accountability, etc.) and link them to tools (e-gov, RTI, citizen charters) and the “minimum government, maximum governance” idea.
Frequently asked questions
What is good governance?
The effective, transparent, accountable and citizen-centric exercise of public power, using resources efficiently and equitably for the public good.
What are the attributes of good governance?
Participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus orientation, equity and inclusiveness, effectiveness and efficiency, and accountability.
What does “minimum government, maximum governance” mean?
Reducing unnecessary government interference and red tape while improving the effectiveness and reach of public-service delivery.
What are the main challenges to good governance in India?
Corruption, red tape and delays, weak accountability, the digital divide, capacity gaps and a trust deficit.