Why this matters now
EIA is examined for its process, the 2006 Notification, project categories and the public-consultation stage — and it recurs in current affairs (clearances, the draft EIA debates).
What is EIA?
EIA systematically predicts and evaluates the environmental, social and health impacts of a project (a dam, mine, factory, highway) and identifies measures to avoid, minimise or mitigate harm. It enables informed decision-making and is required for obtaining environmental clearance.
The EIA process
- Screening — does the project need an EIA?
- Scoping — identifying the key impacts to study (Terms of Reference);
- Impact assessment & EIA report — studying baseline conditions and predicted impacts;
- Public consultation — hearing affected people and stakeholders;
- Appraisal — expert review and the grant/refusal of clearance with conditions;
- Monitoring — ensuring conditions are met post-clearance.
The EIA Notification, 2006
EIA in India is governed by the EIA Notification, 2006 (under the Environment Protection Act, 1986). Projects are classified into Category A (appraised by the Centre) and Category B (by the State), based on size and potential impact. Clearance is granted by the relevant Environmental Appraisal Committee.
Criticisms
EIA has faced criticism for weak public consultation, poor-quality reports, post-facto clearances, and dilutions that favour speed of clearance over environmental rigour. Strengthening transparency, independence and compliance monitoring is the key reform agenda.
UPSC angle
Know the EIA stages (screening→scoping→assessment→public consultation→appraisal→monitoring), the EIA Notification 2006 under EPA 1986, and Category A (Centre) vs B (State). Public consultation is the most-debated stage.
Frequently asked questions
What is Environmental Impact Assessment?
A process to predict and evaluate the environmental effects of a proposed project before approval, and to identify ways to mitigate harm.
What are the main stages of the EIA process?
Screening, scoping, impact assessment/report, public consultation, appraisal, and post-clearance monitoring.
What governs EIA in India?
The EIA Notification, 2006, issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
What are Category A and B projects?
Category A projects are appraised by the Centre and Category B by the State, based on their size and potential environmental impact.