Why this matters now
Climate change is among the most-tested GS-3 themes — the science, the global architecture (UNFCCC/Kyoto/Paris, IPCC, COP) and India’s commitments, all reinforced by constant current affairs.
The greenhouse effect and global warming
The greenhouse effect — heat-trapping by gases like carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide — keeps Earth warm, but rising emissions (chiefly from fossil fuels) intensify it, causing global warming. Impacts include rising temperatures and sea levels, melting glaciers, extreme weather, and threats to agriculture and biodiversity.
The global climate architecture
| Instrument | Significance |
|---|---|
| UNFCCC (1992) | The framework convention (Rio Earth Summit) to stabilise GHGs |
| Kyoto Protocol (1997) | Binding emission-cut targets for developed countries |
| Paris Agreement (2015) | Limit warming to well below 2°C (aim 1.5°C) via NDCs; near-universal |
| IPCC | The scientific body assessing climate change |
| COP | Annual Conference of the Parties (decision-making body) |
CBDR and climate equity
A core principle is Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) — all nations must act, but developed countries, responsible for most historical emissions, must do more and support developing nations with finance and technology. Equity and climate justice are central to negotiations.
India’s climate action
India pursues climate action through the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and its missions, ambitious renewable-energy targets, the International Solar Alliance, and its updated NDCs — including the “Panchamrit” pledges and a goal of net-zero emissions by 2070.
UPSC angle
Sequence UNFCCC (1992) → Kyoto (1997, binding for developed) → Paris (2015, NDCs, 1.5/2°C). Know IPCC vs COP, the CBDR principle, and India’s net-zero-2070/Panchamrit pledges.
Frequently asked questions
What is the greenhouse effect?
The trapping of heat by atmospheric gases (CO₂, methane, etc.); rising emissions intensify it, causing global warming.
What is the difference between the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement?
Kyoto (1997) set binding targets only for developed countries; the Paris Agreement (2015) involves nearly all nations through voluntary Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
What is CBDR?
Common But Differentiated Responsibilities — all countries must act on climate, but developed nations bear greater responsibility given their historical emissions.
What is India’s net-zero target?
India has pledged to reach net-zero emissions by 2070, alongside its “Panchamrit” commitments.