Why this matters now
The CVC is examined for its statutory (not constitutional) status, its composition and appointment, its superintendence over the CBI in corruption cases, and its limits (advisory, no power to register FIRs). It anchors the GS-2 theme of anti-corruption institutions alongside the Lokpal.
Origin and statutory status
The CVC was created in 1964 on the recommendation of the Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption. For decades it had only executive backing. In the Vineet Narain case (1997-98), the Supreme Court directed that it be given statutory status and supervisory control over the CBI’s anti-corruption work — leading to the CVC Act, 2003.
Composition and appointment
The CVC is a multi-member body — a Central Vigilance Commissioner and up to two Vigilance Commissioners. They are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee comprising the Prime Minister, the Union Home Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha. They hold office for a fixed term and can be removed only through a process similar to that for constitutional functionaries.
Functions and powers
- Exercises superintendence over the CBI in offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act;
- Inquires into complaints of corruption against certain categories of public servants;
- Advises central organisations on vigilance matters;
- Is the designated agency to receive complaints under the whistleblower framework.
Its powers are largely advisory and supervisory — it cannot itself register an FIR or prosecute; it works through the CBI and the vigilance machinery of departments.
UPSC angle
Remember the CVC is statutory (CVC Act 2003, after Vineet Narain), multi-member, appointed by a PM-HM-LoP committee, and exercises superintendence over the CBI in corruption cases — but is advisory, with no power to file FIRs.
Frequently asked questions
What is the Central Vigilance Commission?
India’s apex anti-corruption and vigilance body for the central government, set up in 1964 and given statutory status by the CVC Act 2003.
Is the CVC a constitutional body?
No — it is a statutory body under the CVC Act, 2003. It was given statutory status following the Supreme Court’s directions in the Vineet Narain case.
How is the CVC appointed?
The Central Vigilance Commissioner and Vigilance Commissioners are appointed by the President on the recommendation of a committee of the PM, Home Minister and Leader of the Opposition.
What is the CVC’s relationship with the CBI?
The CVC exercises superintendence over the CBI in cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act, but it is advisory and cannot itself register FIRs.