:root{
    --bg:#0A0A0F;
    --surface:#13131A;
    --surface-2:#1B1B26;
    --line:rgba(255,255,255,0.10);
    --ink:#FAFAFA;
    --ink-2:#C9C9D3;
    --grey:#8B8B95;
    --accent:#22C55E;
    --accent-400:#4ADE80;
    --accent-300:#86EFAC;
    --accent-600:#16A34A;
    --accent-700:#15803D;
    /* Legacy aliases — old rules below still reference these */
    --saffron:#22C55E; --saffron-700:#4ADE80; --saffron-50:rgba(34,197,94,.10); --saffron-deep:#16A34A;
    --green:#22C55E; --green-700:#16A34A;
    --navy:#1B1B26; --ink-bg:#0A0A0F;
  }
  *{box-sizing:border-box}html,body{margin:0;padding:0}
  body{font-family:'Noto Sans',system-ui,sans-serif;color:var(--ink);background:radial-gradient(900px 600px at 85% -10%, rgba(34,197,94,.06), transparent 55%), radial-gradient(700px 500px at -10% 30%, rgba(34,197,94,.05), transparent 55%), var(--bg);background-attachment:fixed;line-height:1.75;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}
  a{color:var(--accent-400);text-decoration:none}a:hover{text-decoration:underline;color:var(--accent-300)}
  .container{width:min(1200px,92%);margin-inline:auto}
  h1,h2,h3,h4{font-family:'Noto Sans',serif;letter-spacing:-.01em;color:var(--ink)}
  .read-progress{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:3px;width:0;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--accent-400),var(--accent),var(--accent-600));z-index:100;transition:width .1s linear}
  .site-nav{display:flex;gap:1.5rem;font-weight:500;font-size:.92rem;margin-left:auto;align-items:center}
  .site-nav a{position:relative;padding:.4rem 0;color:var(--ink);white-space:nowrap;opacity:.9}
  .site-nav a:hover{color:var(--accent-400);opacity:1;text-decoration:none}.site-nav a.active{color:var(--accent-400);font-weight:700;opacity:1}
  .nav-cta{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--accent-400),var(--accent));color:#0A0A0F;padding:.55rem 1.1rem;border-radius:999px;font-weight:700;font-size:.85rem;box-shadow:0 6px 18px -4px rgba(34,197,94,.55),inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.30)}
  .nav-cta:hover{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--accent-300),var(--accent-400));text-decoration:none;color:#0A0A0F}
  @media (max-width:880px){.site-nav{display:none}.nav-cta{display:none}}
  /* ===== Mobile hamburger + drawer ===== */
  .nav-hamburger{display:none;background:transparent;border:0;cursor:pointer;padding:.45rem;color:var(--ink);border-radius:8px}
  .nav-hamburger svg{width:26px;height:26px;display:block}
  .nav-backdrop{display:none;position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(10,10,15,.65);z-index:95;opacity:0;transition:opacity .25s ease}
  .nav-backdrop.open{display:block;opacity:1}
  .nav-drawer{position:fixed;top:0;right:0;width:min(320px,85vw);height:100vh;height:100dvh;background:#0E0E14;box-shadow:-24px 0 70px rgba(0,0,0,.5);transform:translateX(100%);transition:transform .3s ease;z-index:110;padding:78px 26px 24px;overflow-y:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:0}
  .nav-drawer.open{transform:translateX(0)}
  .nav-drawer a{display:block;padding:1rem 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--ink);font-weight:500;font-size:1.05rem}
  .nav-drawer a.active{color:var(--accent-400)}
  .nav-drawer .drawer-cta{margin-top:1.2rem;background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--accent-400),var(--accent));color:#0A0A0F !important;text-align:center;padding:.85rem 1rem;border-radius:999px;font-weight:700;border-bottom:0}
  @media (max-width:880px){.nav-hamburger{display:inline-flex}}
  .nav{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:100;background:transparent;border-bottom:0}
  .nav-inner{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:14px 0;gap:14px}
  @media (max-width:880px){.nav-inner{padding:10px 0;gap:8px}.brand{font-size:1rem}.brand small{display:none}}
  .brand{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.7rem;font-weight:800;font-size:1.1rem;color:var(--ink)}
  .brand small{display:block;font-size:.6rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:.22em;color:var(--ink-2);text-transform:uppercase;margin-top:2px;opacity:.85}
  .breadcrumb{padding:18px 0;font-size:.84rem;color:var(--ink-2)}.breadcrumb span{margin:0 .4rem;color:var(--grey)}
  .breadcrumb a{color:var(--ink-2)}.breadcrumb a:hover{color:var(--accent-400)}
  .article-head{padding:24px 0 30px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}
  .article-meta{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.7rem;font-size:.78rem;margin-bottom:1rem}
  .article-meta .badge{padding:.3rem .7rem;border-radius:999px;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase}
  .badge-cat{background:rgba(34,197,94,.14);color:var(--accent-400);border:1px solid rgba(34,197,94,.22)}
  .badge-subj{background:rgba(255,255,255,.05);color:var(--ink-2);border:1px solid var(--line)}
  .badge-time{background:rgba(255,255,255,.05);color:var(--ink-2);border:1px solid var(--line)}
  .badge-pyq{background:rgba(34,197,94,.10);color:var(--accent-300);border:1px solid rgba(34,197,94,.22)}
  .badge-opening{background:rgba(34,197,94,.18);color:var(--accent-300);border:1px solid rgba(34,197,94,.30)}
  h1{font-size:clamp(1.9rem,4vw,2.7rem);line-height:1.1;font-weight:700;margin:.4rem 0 .8rem;color:var(--ink)}
  h1 .accent{background:linear-gradient(120deg,var(--accent-300),var(--accent-400) 60%,var(--accent));-webkit-background-clip:text;background-clip:text;color:transparent;font-style:normal}
  .article-head .lede{font-size:1.05rem;color:var(--ink-2);max-width:780px;line-height:1.7;margin:0}
  .article-body{padding:50px 0 60px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:240px 1fr;gap:60px}
  @media (max-width:920px){.article-body{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:0}}
  .toc{position:sticky;top:90px;max-height:calc(100vh - 110px);overflow-y:auto;font-size:.88rem;align-self:start}
  .toc h4{font-size:.78rem;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--grey);margin:0 0 .8rem;font-weight:700}
  .toc ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}.toc li{margin-bottom:.45rem}
  .toc a{color:var(--ink-2);font-weight:500;line-height:1.4;padding-left:10px;border-left:2px solid transparent;display:block;text-decoration:none}
  .toc a:hover{color:var(--accent-400);text-decoration:none}
  .toc a.active{color:var(--accent-400);border-left-color:var(--accent-400);font-weight:700}
  @media (max-width:920px){.toc{display:none}}
  article{max-width:780px;font-size:1.04rem;color:var(--ink-2)}
  article h2{font-size:clamp(1.5rem,2.6vw,2rem);font-weight:700;margin:2.5rem 0 1rem;color:var(--ink);scroll-margin-top:80px}
  article h2:first-child{margin-top:0}
  article h3{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;margin:1.6rem 0 .6rem;color:var(--accent-400);scroll-margin-top:80px}
  article p{margin:0 0 1.2rem;color:var(--ink-2)}article ul,article ol{margin:0 0 1.2rem;padding-left:1.4rem}
  article li{margin-bottom:.45rem;color:var(--ink-2)}article strong{color:var(--ink);font-weight:700}
  /* Wrap tables in horizontal-scroll on mobile so wide tables don't overflow the viewport */
  article table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:1.2rem 0;background:var(--surface);border-radius:12px;overflow:hidden;font-size:.93rem;border:1px solid var(--line);display:table}
  @media (max-width:640px){
    article{overflow-x:hidden}
    article table{display:block;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;white-space:nowrap}
    article table th,article table td{white-space:nowrap}
  }
  /* Guarantee no horizontal page-scroll anywhere */
  html,body{overflow-x:hidden;max-width:100vw}
  img,video,iframe{max-width:100%;height:auto}
  /* Touch-target minimums on mobile */
  @media (max-width:640px){
    .btn,.nav-cta,.read-guide,.store,button,a[role="button"]{min-height:44px;display:inline-flex;align-items:center}
  }
  article table th{background:rgba(34,197,94,.10);color:var(--ink);font-family:'Noto Sans',serif;font-weight:700;text-align:left;padding:.7rem 1rem;font-size:.88rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)}
  article table td{padding:.7rem 1rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--ink-2)}
  article table tr:last-child td{border-bottom:0}
  article blockquote{border-left:4px solid var(--accent);padding:1rem 1.2rem;margin:1.4rem 0;background:rgba(34,197,94,.08);border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;font-style:normal;color:var(--ink-2)}
  .stat-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(150px,1fr));gap:14px;margin:1.5rem 0}
  .stat-card{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(255,255,255,.03),rgba(255,255,255,0)),var(--surface);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:18px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 1px 0 rgba(255,255,255,.04) inset,0 12px 26px -14px rgba(0,0,0,.6)}
  .stat-card .big{font-family:'Noto Sans',serif;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:800;color:var(--accent-400);margin-bottom:.2rem}
  .stat-card .lab{font-size:.78rem;color:var(--grey);letter-spacing:.04em;text-transform:uppercase}
  .pyq-callout{background:linear-gradient(160deg,rgba(34,197,94,.10),rgba(34,197,94,.02));border:1px solid rgba(34,197,94,.25);border-left:4px solid var(--accent);border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;padding:1rem 1.3rem;margin:1.5rem 0}
  .pyq-callout h4{margin:0 0 .4rem;font-size:.85rem;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--accent-400);font-weight:700}
  .pyq-callout p{margin:0;font-size:.92rem;color:var(--ink);line-height:1.6}
  details.faq-item{background:var(--surface);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:16px 20px;margin-bottom:.8rem}
  details.faq-item summary{cursor:pointer;font-weight:700;color:var(--ink);list-style:none;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:1rem;align-items:center}
  details.faq-item summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}
  details.faq-item summary::after{content:"+";color:var(--accent-400);font-weight:700;font-size:1.1rem;flex:none}
  details.faq-item[open] summary::after{content:"\2212"}
  details.faq-item p{margin:.7rem 0 0;font-size:.95rem;color:var(--ink-2);line-height:1.65}
  .cta-card{background:linear-gradient(160deg,#13131A,#1B1B26);color:var(--ink);border-radius:16px;padding:24px;margin:2rem 0;display:flex;gap:18px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;overflow:hidden;border:1px solid var(--line)}
  .cta-card::before{content:"";position:absolute;right:-50px;top:-50px;width:180px;height:180px;border-radius:50%;background:radial-gradient(circle,rgba(34,197,94,.30),transparent 60%)}
  .cta-card .ic{font-size:1.8rem;position:relative;z-index:1;flex:none}
  .cta-card .body{flex:1;min-width:200px;position:relative;z-index:1}
  .cta-card h4{font-family:'Noto Sans',serif;margin:0 0 .25rem;color:var(--ink);font-size:1.1rem}
  .cta-card p{margin:0;font-size:.88rem;color:var(--ink-2)}
  .cta-card .btn{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--accent-400),var(--accent));color:#0A0A0F;padding:.7rem 1.1rem;border-radius:10px;font-weight:800;font-size:.85rem;position:relative;z-index:1;box-shadow:0 8px 22px -6px rgba(34,197,94,.55)}
  .related-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(240px,1fr));gap:14px;margin:1.5rem 0}
  .related-card{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(255,255,255,.03),rgba(255,255,255,0)),var(--surface);border:1px solid var(--line);border-radius:12px;padding:14px 16px;transition:transform .2s ease,border-color .2s ease,box-shadow .2s ease}
  .related-card h5{font-family:'Noto Sans',serif;font-size:.96rem;margin:0 0 .3rem;color:var(--ink)}
  .related-card p{margin:0;font-size:.86rem;color:var(--ink-2)}
  .related-card a{color:var(--ink)}.related-card a:hover{text-decoration:none;color:var(--accent-400)}
  .related-card:hover{border-color:rgba(34,197,94,.45);transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 14px 30px -10px rgba(0,0,0,.6),0 0 0 1px rgba(34,197,94,.20)}
  footer{background:#0A0A0F;color:var(--ink);padding:60px 0 30px;margin-top:30px;border-top:1px solid var(--line)}
  footer .container{font-size:.85rem;color:var(--ink-2);display:flex;justify-content:space-between;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}
  footer a{color:var(--accent-400)}footer a:hover{color:var(--accent-300)}

.tiranga-top{height:3px;width:100%;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--accent-400),var(--accent),var(--accent-600))}.brand-logo{display:inline-flex;width:38px;height:38px;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 4px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.55));vertical-align:middle}.brand-logo svg{width:100%;height:100%;display:block}footer{position:relative}.tiranga-edge{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:3px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--accent-400),var(--accent),var(--accent-600));z-index:3}.article-head h1{letter-spacing:-.03em}.related-card,.stat-card{position:relative;overflow:hidden;border-radius:16px}.related-card::before,.stat-card::before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:3px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--accent-400),var(--accent),var(--accent-600));opacity:.85}.related-card{padding-top:18px}.stat-grid .stat-card:nth-child(even) .big{color:var(--accent-300)}

/* === bg-glyphs site-wide === */
.bg-glyphs{position:fixed;top:78px;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;pointer-events:none;z-index:0;overflow:hidden;contain:strict;mix-blend-mode:plus-lighter;opacity:.6}@media (max-width:780px){.bg-glyphs{opacity:.55}.bg-glyph:nth-child(3n),.bg-glyph:nth-child(3n+1){display:none}.bg-glyph{font-size:.72em !important}}
.bg-glyph{position:absolute;font-weight:700;line-height:1;letter-spacing:-.02em;user-select:none;white-space:nowrap;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);will-change:transform}
@keyframes drift1{0%,100%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%)}50%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) translate(22px,-28px) rotate(3deg)}}
@keyframes drift2{0%,100%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%)}50%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) translate(-26px,20px) rotate(-3.5deg)}}
@keyframes drift3{0%,100%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%)}50%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) translate(30px,16px) rotate(2deg)}}
@keyframes drift4{0%,100%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%)}33%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) translate(-18px,-24px) rotate(-2deg)}66%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) translate(24px,12px) rotate(3deg)}}
@keyframes drift5{0%,100%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%)}50%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) translate(-30px,-16px) rotate(4deg)}}
@keyframes drift6{0%,100%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%)}50%{transform:translate(-50%,-50%) translate(18px,30px) rotate(-3deg)}}
.bg-glyph.d1{animation:drift1 26s ease-in-out infinite}
.bg-glyph.d2{animation:drift2 34s ease-in-out infinite}
.bg-glyph.d3{animation:drift3 42s ease-in-out infinite}
.bg-glyph.d4{animation:drift4 50s ease-in-out infinite}
.bg-glyph.d5{animation:drift5 60s ease-in-out infinite}
.bg-glyph.d6{animation:drift6 72s ease-in-out infinite}
@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.bg-glyph{animation:none !important}}
@media (max-width:760px){.bg-glyph{font-size:0.6em !important}}
/* === v148 premium override — applies to every article page site-wide === */

/* Kill the loud tiranga strips at top of body + top of footer */
.tiranga-top{display:none !important}
footer .tiranga-edge{display:none !important}

/* Nav bar — quieter, less drop-shadow, tighter type */
.nav{background:rgba(10,10,15,.84);backdrop-filter:saturate(1.4) blur(14px);-webkit-backdrop-filter:saturate(1.4) blur(14px);border-bottom:0.5px solid rgba(255,255,255,.06)}
.nav-inner{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:14px}
.nav .brand{font-weight:500;font-size:14.5px;letter-spacing:-.005em;gap:9px}
.nav .brand small{display:none} /* "A Multilingo Education Initiative" subtitle — noise */
.nav .brand-logo{width:22px;height:22px;filter:none;box-shadow:none}
.nav .brand span[style*="accent-400"]{color:#F7941D !important}
.site-nav a{font-size:13.5px;font-weight:400;color:rgba(255,255,255,.62);letter-spacing:.005em}
.site-nav a:hover,.site-nav a.active{color:#FAFAFA}
.nav-cta{background:transparent !important;color:#FAFAFA !important;border:0.5px solid rgba(255,255,255,.14) !important;font-weight:500 !important;font-size:12.5px !important;padding:7px 13px !important;box-shadow:none !important;letter-spacing:0 !important;border-radius:999px !important}
.nav-cta:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.06) !important;border-color:rgba(255,255,255,.22) !important}

/* Related-cards + stat-cards — hairline accent instead of 3px bar */
.related-card::before,.stat-card::before{height:0.5px !important;background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(247,148,29,.55),rgba(34,197,94,.55)) !important;opacity:1 !important}

/* Article H1 — flatter, more editorial */
.article-head h1{font-weight:500 !important;letter-spacing:-.032em !important}

/* Footer — same treatment as homepage/start pages */
footer{border-top:0.5px solid rgba(255,255,255,.06)}
footer .brand-quote{font-size:13px !important;font-weight:500 !important;letter-spacing:-.005em !important;margin-bottom:12px !important}

/* Reading progress bar — thinner, one accent colour instead of tri-band */
.read-progress{height:2px !important;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#F7941D,#4ADE80) !important}

/* Mobile: no more subtitle noise, tighter nav */
@media (max-width:600px){
  .nav-inner{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:12px}
  .nav .brand{font-size:14px}
  .site-nav{display:none}
}

/* === v151 layer — carries the homepage editorial premium into every article === */
@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Fraunces:ital,opsz,wght@0,72,500;1,72,400;1,72,500&family=Inter:wght@400;500;600&display=swap');

.nav .brand{font-family:'Fraunces',serif !important;font-weight:500 !important}
.nav .brand-logo{width:28px !important;height:28px !important;border-radius:6px !important}
.nav .brand span[style*="accent-400"]{color:#E85A3E !important}
.nav-cta{border-radius:999px !important}

.article-head h1{font-family:'Fraunces','Noto Serif Devanagari','Noto Sans Devanagari',serif !important;font-weight:500 !important;letter-spacing:-.032em !important}
.article-head .eyebrow{font-family:'Fraunces',serif !important;font-style:normal !important;font-weight:500 !important;text-transform:none !important;letter-spacing:.01em !important;color:rgba(255,255,255,.65) !important}

.stat-card .big{color:#FBBF24 !important}
.stat-grid .stat-card:nth-child(even) .big{color:#4ADE80 !important}

.pyq-callout,.qa-block{border-color:rgba(232,90,62,.32) !important}

footer .brand-quote{font-family:'Fraunces',serif !important;font-style:normal !important;font-size:12.5px !important;color:#4ADE80 !important;background:none !important;-webkit-background-clip:initial !important;background-clip:initial !important;-webkit-text-fill-color:initial !important;font-weight:500 !important;letter-spacing:.01em !important}

/* "Continue on mobile" download-CTA card baked inline in every article. */
a[style*="linear-gradient(135deg,#22C55E,#16A34A)"]{background:#FAFAF7 !important;background-image:none !important;color:#0A0A0F !important;border:0 !important;box-shadow:none !important}
div[style*="color:#86EFAC"]{color:#E85A3E !important}
div[style*="linear-gradient(90deg,#F7941D,#22C55E,#16A34A)"]{background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(232,90,62,.55),rgba(74,222,128,.35)) !important;background-image:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(232,90,62,.55),rgba(74,222,128,.35)) !important;height:1px !important}
.on-this-page a.active,.on-this-page li.active a,.toc-active,a[data-active="true"]{color:#E85A3E !important}